Sociology of Cities and Urban Lives Research Paper

Human science of Cities and Urban Lives - Research Paper Example . Urban communities furnish their occupants with accommodations, administrations, and openings not accessible somewhere else. The urban culture reflects in various part of the individuals living in the urban communities. In today’s complex world, urban culture alludes to the city’s feeling of design, food propensity and diversion style. Let us look in insight concerning these three viewpoints. The cosmopolitan group has a bit of style in each part of their life. From the apparel to the music they listen they follow a one of a kind pattern. With regards to furnish, the city occupants wear apparel of high caliber and of shifted style. They will in general change their outfit all the time, as the style unexpectedly changes each year. Individuals give more significance to the way They dress and need to perceive themselves as style symbols. People are a lot of design cognizant in cosmopolitan and metropolitan urban communities. â€Å"Fashion currently possesses the inside ground in well known comprehension of present day culture. It appreciates phenomenal inclusion in the western media and characterizes the tenor of urban life like no other visual medium†(Breward 2008 : 9).They are mindful on each component of embellishing their body like shoes, glasses, watches, gems etc.Women revere beautifying agents and spend liberally on make up items. Design actually runs in the blood of urban life. â€Å"Nowadays what an individual wears is bound to be an impression of their own preferences and character, than needing to copy someone else†(Machowska 2007). Food propensity for urban individuals is boundlessly not quite the same as that of country individuals. In the urban communities quick nourishments are of extraordinary interest, as individuals lead an exceptionally quick life. The roads of the of all shapes and sizes urban areas are enhanced with different cheap food outlets, which are the devouring ground for urban group. Since they find less an ideal opportunity for cooking, they discover these outlets as a gift. â€Å"Convenience is a significant worry in food buys, particualry by individuals from urbanized

Free Essays on How Democratic Is Andrew Jacksom

â€Å"How Democratic Was Andrew Jackson?† Andrew Jackson’s confidence in Democracy was that all branches and organizations of the legislature must tune in to and follow the desires of the individuals. He needed to change the manner in which the nation had been run before he assumed responsibility. He didn’t feel that the individuals were truly arriving reasonable state on things. Andrew Jackson was Democratic in light of the fact that he needed the individuals to have more state and force in the administration, he needed to broaden our limits with the goal that individuals could move progressively out west, and he needed the national bank to be ran uniquely in contrast to it was. Andrew Jackson imagined that our nation wasn’t sufficiently democratic so when he crusaded he told the individuals that he will hear them out and do there will. He accepted that the individuals in office before him made a horrible showing of this. In the year 1816, the individuals picked presidential voters by lawmaking body, and constantly 1832, a large portion of the presidential balloters were picked by the individuals with the exception of in one state just which was South Carolina. On the other hand in 1836, the presidential voters were picked by the individuals in everything except one state which was by and by South Carolina. (Record 1.) Then on December 8, 1829, in a letter to congress Jackson stated, â€Å"In a nation where workplaces are made exclusively to support the individuals, nobody man has any more†¦right to (government occupations) than another.† This shows he accepts that any resident of the nation has a privilege to be in the legislature. The second explanation that Andrew Jackson was Democratic was that he needed to expand our nation for the individuals. He needed the Indians to move out west to what is currently Oklahoma so more Americans could get off of the east drift and build up our nation more. Many individuals today state this was a horrible despot activity, however it wasn’t he revealed to them that they could remain in the condition that they complied with our laws. (Record 8.) He likewise paid the Indians who chose ... Free Essays on How Democratic Is Andrew Jacksom Free Essays on How Democratic Is Andrew Jacksom â€Å"How Democratic Was Andrew Jackson?† Andrew Jackson’s confidence in Democracy was that all branches and organizations of the administration must tune in to and follow the desires of the individuals. He needed to change the manner in which the nation had been run before he assumed responsibility. He didn’t imagine that the individuals were truly arriving reasonable state on things. Andrew Jackson was Democratic on the grounds that he needed the individuals to have more state and force in the administration, he needed to broaden our limits so individuals could move increasingly out west, and he needed the national bank to be ran uniquely in contrast to it was. Andrew Jackson felt that our nation wasn’t sufficiently democratic so when he battled he told the individuals that he will hear them out and do there will. He accepted that the individuals in office before him made an awful showing of this. In the year 1816, the individuals picked presidential voters by governing body, and constantly 1832, the vast majority of the presidential voters were picked by the individuals with the exception of in one state just which was South Carolina. Of course in 1836, the presidential voters were picked by the individuals in everything except one state which was by and by South Carolina. (Archive 1.) Then on December 8, 1829, in a letter to congress Jackson stated, â€Å"In a nation where workplaces are made exclusively to help the individuals, nobody man has any more†¦right to (government occupations) than another.† This shows he accepts that any resident of the nation has a privilege to be in the administration. The second explanation that Andrew Jackson was Democratic was that he needed to expand our nation for the individuals. He needed the Indians to move out west to what is currently Oklahoma so more Americans could get off of the east drift and build up our nation more. Many individuals today state this was a horrendous despot activity, however it wasn’t he revealed to them that they could remain in the condition that they complied with our laws. (Archive 8.) He additionally paid the Indians who chose ...

Start Off Your Essay With a Good Sentence

Start Off Your Essay With a Good SentenceFirst off, you want to start off your essay with a good sentence or two that will begin the introduction to your free samples of essay. Your free samples of essay will provide you with ideas for opening sentences and include filler phrases. Those free samples of essay should be introduced at the beginning of your essay.Beginning your essay with a sentence or two of information will help others get to know who you are, where you are from, and what you are going to talk about. When they know who you are and what you are talking about, it is much easier to make an introduction to your free samples of essay. You want to be as easy to relate to as possible in the beginning of your essay.If you are using free samples of essay, use examples that can relate to the topic you are writing about. For example, if you are going to write about article writing, you may want to use examples of 'The Independent'Huffington Post' articles. They have been used as examples of what an article should look like. You want to have information that can relate to the topics you are writing about. Your free samples of essay will provide you with ideas for paragraphs that relate to the topics you are writing about.A sample paragraph begins with a single sentence that shows your idea for the paragraph. A sentence is the simplest form of sentence and the simplest form of writing. If you can get your paragraph started with a sentence, you will eliminate writing what is called a 'wasted paragraph.'You want to use as many sentences as you can to keep the reader interested in your paragraph and the information you are trying to present to them. It is also important to give them enough information to stimulate their memory for the rest of the paragraph.Once you have the basic paragraph worked out, make sure you have the free samples of essay you want to use in the body of your essay. You may want to look at several free samples of essay and select the one th at best relates to the subject of your essay.Sometimes you may be surprised to see that you do not need all of the free samples of essay you may have written. When you come across a free sample that you do need, make sure you change the ending of your essay to reflect your new example.You should not try to write an essay that does not show the reader anything. If you try to write an essay without putting a start or finish in it, it will be confusing. Keep your reader interested in your free samples of essay samples by starting them off with a sentence or two and make sure they have enough information to keep their interest.

Intellectual disability therapy Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The left brain was found to help in speaking and reading. Moreover, the left brain characterized people with high skills in math and writing (2009). Pavlov in his study on conditional responses argued that learning help in molding behaviors. In his experiment, Pavlov had rung a bell before feeding his dogs. Over time, he found the dogs salivating when they heard the sound of the bell even when it did not accompany with food. Therefore, there are aspects of life that people can be taught to help improve their life like intellectual disabilities (Hock, 2009). Furthermore, intellectual disabled people get support to help them in development, training, and have interests to improve on their life. Support is usually provided by friends, family members and the community in general. Harry in his study Discovering Love found that people are more likely to develop in places and situation that are comfortable (Hack, 2009). Therefore, intellectual disabilities need care and comfort in employment; job coaching includes support by service systems. Parents, friends, sibling and teachers or other persons can also provide support to patient of intellectual disorders (The Arc). Doody, et al (2013) writes on intellectual disability in Ireland about its development and future prospects. We will write a custom essay sample on Intellectual disability therapy or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now They report that the profession that takes care of mentally disabled patient has been put to question. Nursing profession in this field started in 1959 by providing services and education. However, time has passed, and the profession has changed as it shifts to standard set by national reports as well as international journals and current attitudes. Today, in Ireland intellectual disability course, take four years an extension from three years. Intellectual disability causes people to have problems in sexuality and relationships (Doody, 2013). The report reveals that intellectual disabilities lose opportunities to participate in relationships and sexual training due to perceptions and attitudes of family caregivers, professional staff and support workers. There was a survey in Ireland conducted do study how to minimize constraints among intellectual disabilities. After the survey, it was pointed out that the constraints could be addressed through partnering all worker and groups; enhance training about relationships and sexuality education, developing appreciable risk management and empowering intellectual patients. All humans suffer from stress now and then for various reasons. Stress has been found to cause physiological problem such as cardiovascular diseases.

Whiplash Claims in the UK - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2831 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: Government Essay Did you like this example? What, if anything, should the Government do about whiplash claims in this country? The need for our government to take action in regards to whiplash claims would depend on whether there is a problem in the first place. The problem in this respect can take on many forms, namely with either procedure, access to justice, other methods of resolving dispute (ADR[1]), policy, legislation, social dynamics and/or economical climate of the whole country. It is therefore vital to identify the problem and where it stems from, before searching for appropriate solutions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Whiplash Claims in the UK" essay for you Create order For the purposes of this essay I will be focusing on the past policy changes in regards to personal injury, such as the introduction of legal aid system and the Legal Aid Board, Lord Woolfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s review of the Civil Procedure Rules and Access to Justice Report[2] and Lord Jackson Reforms. I will aim to demonstrate that there are considerable claims in regards to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“compensation cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3] and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“whiplash epidemic,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4] but those assertions are largely unfounded and seem to serve as an excuse for political and economical goals. Nonetheless, the current changes are both reactive and proactive, and can be seen as necessary in our current economical climate. The problem in this case is subjective, everyone involved would take a different view depending which interests they represent and the end goal they are trying to achieve. It is difficult to determine whether there has been a major increase in RTA over the years as unfortunately there is no reliable, year by year, statistical data to prove the case either way.[5] Nonetheless, when it comes to whiplash injury, Jack Straw quoted that it is as high as 80% of all the RTAs[6] leading to Britain being branded the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“whiplash capital of Europe.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [7] Lord Jacksonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s review of PI claims found that claimants had too many benefits, making smaller claims, namely whiplash claims, an easy target for fraudsters. Unsurprisingly ABI[8] was strongly in support of the reforms that followed and APIL[9] were strongly against. What is plainly evident is that the two sides reflect the interests of their industries. Fault based liability seems to be turning into cost based liability. Lord Dyson suggests that claimants have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“lost all sense of personal responsibilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [10] blaming the media for creating a false belief that litigation is a quick financial boost rather than a genuine solution to a p roblem à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“[t]he compensation culture is a myth; but the cost of this belief is very real.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [11] Nonetheless, Dyson diverts the blame from the system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“compensation culture is not about what goes on in court, but rather about what happens outside the court roomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [12] and rejecting claims that UK has developed the US style litigation culture.[13] Some of the biggest changes to affect whiplash claims have been made first through the Lord Woolfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s review which focused on the disproportion caused by the legal aid system and just recently by Jackson Reforms, which were introduced to target the imbalance generated by the Access to Justice Act 1999 between claimants and defendants. The Jackson Reforms introduced a shift between the claimant and the defendant especially in regards to the small claims track. The new model of Conditional Fee Arrangements that abolish the recoverability of success fees and API premiums m ean that the claimant will be covering some of the costs through the awarded damages.[14] These reforms can be seen to not only continue maintaining access to justice through CFA, but also significantly reducing costs and disproportionate fees.[15] These reforms alter the traditional model of full compensation. Cane draws on Lord Denning criticism of the old model in Lim Poh Choo v. Camden Health Authority[16] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“it would be unfair and unreasonable to award damages for loss of earnings if the claimant was in no position to benefit from them.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [17] The new reforms do not target so much how the damages are calculated, but more how much the claimant is actually left with. The courts often find themselves in a difficult position having to calculate a value in financial terms on the injuries and possible future losses which, through their subjective judicial activism, this can result in considerably varied applications of awards. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There seems no r eason why a young person should be maintained for the rest of their life by an award of damages (paid by society in one way or another) simply because their spouse or partner was killed through someoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fault. It is surely not right that the law should reward idleness and discourage gainful activity in this way.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [18] Although Cane was talking about fatal accidents, damaged in whiplash claims are often also difficult to calculate[19] and disproportionate claims[20] can arise when calculating future losses in regards to whiplash personal injury claims, sometimes depending on the length of the claimed pain not severity.[21] The claimants must take reasonable steps to mitigate their loss, but it is difficult to prove whether or not a claimant has done all that is reasonably expected of them to reduce their costs and again it is left up to the courts to decide what is reasonable. Currently a claimant can include private medical treatment[22] in their da mages even if it is available through the NHS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“(in more than a third of cases), in order to have an examination necessary for the claim.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [23] This seems to go strongly against the mitigation principle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“[i]t is not at all obvious why, sixty years after the beginning of the NHS, we should continue to subsidize those who seek private treatment in the way that the tort system does.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [24] This is something the Government can potentially address in regards to whiplash injury, as these claimants are unlikely to require treatments the NHS does not already provide. Current proposals for medical whiplash panels have been accepted by the Ministry of Justice and are likely to be implemented.[25] The Civil Justice Council has indicated the need for independent panels with an accreditation model to provide skilled advice, but indicated the need for heavy regulation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“are assessed and authorised on the basis of their experti se, and not organisations that can then hire or instruct individual doctors who are not then subject to any independent scrutiny or authorisation.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [26] This model looks promising and aims to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“i) flexible; ii) transparent; iii) independent.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [27] Nonetheless, with whiplash injuries being so difficult to prove, medical panels, no matter how independent, are unlikely to spot fraudsters. Their reports would produce largely subjective results. Motor Investigation Unit has been researching more modern solutions through social media and technical equipment like on board CCTV.[28] In Golden v. Dempsley[29] the courts accept the MIU[30] take a different approach to evidence, with more focus on the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credibility. In reference to Kearsley v Klarfeld[31] and Casey v Cartwright[32] the district judge also notes the need for early access to the car for inspection and medical records, but also stresses that those should not be the main focus. The recent reforms were heavily criticised by the Law Society and APIL who are disadvantaged by the new changes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“propaganda which is generated by insurers on the pretext that insurance premiums will be reduced and that this will in turn assist the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic recovery.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [33] Claire McIvor takes an individualistic approach arguing that the new reforms significantly reduce claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s access to justice and impede on their Human Rights, primarily Article 6 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“access to justice is, after all, a fundamental human rightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦under the terms of art.6, it is unqualified in terms of cost considerations.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [34] However, too much access to justice can create chaos, Friedman refers to this as an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Orwellian nightmare,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  where access to justice is so open, that anyone can claim for anything with ease, and in effect we end up regulating each other, à ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“we cannot have a system that provides unlimited access to justice; the pyramid must remain a pyramid.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [35] Individuals are likely to fight for their own interests with disregard of how it might affect someone in the future through policies, allowing the pyramid to lose its shape would likely result in a dysfunctional welfare state à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“not justice but economical inefficiency and waste.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [36] McIvor takes a normative approach, but disregards economical efficiency completely à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“minimum costs will consist solely of those costs which are necessary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦regardless of whether they can be described economically efficient.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [37] This is a good theoretical model, but one that does not work in practice, it is quite an unrealistic model considering economy is the driving force and is what allows UK to compete on an international level pedestal with other leading economies. If we disregard economy with s uch ease in every area of governance and politics then we are likely to be in constant recession. McIvor states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“substantive aspect of the process should take priority over the procedural.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [38] However, Friedman argues that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“[c]heapness and convenience, while obviously important, are hollow and meaningless without a working system of relevant rights.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [39] A working system is one that can continue functioning, that can sustain itself. The reforms[40] represent a give and take scenario, with the abolition of success fees and ATE premiums on the one hand and the 10% increase in general damages[41], 25% cap on success fees from damages and qualified one way cost shifting on the other. It is an attempt to distribute costs between all parties, the claimants, defendants and even the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lawyers. Although the claimant is viewed by some as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the little guy in the face of giant corporations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [42] he is also the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“one-time litigantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [43] so unlike the defendant, likely an insurance company, in the event the claimant loses their case they will only bear the costs once, if at all.[44] The costs do balance out between the parties that way, just because insurance companies have more assets at an individualistic level, does not mean that they should carry the cost burden so significantly, this would not work with every case. Many claimants do not realise that personal injury civil litigation is not funded through the state, legal aid has been cut significantly and now it is publicly funded, so the costs come back round on us in a vicious circle through insurance premiums. The Jackson Reforms have deep political roots. We have been experiencing difficult economical times and are just emerging from the deepest recession of 2008-2009s since the war time of the 1920s.[45] We cannot look at the recent changes in whiplash claims policy i n isolation from the economical and political climate that evoked those changes. It is possible that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“compensation cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is an excuse, but the problem remains and that is excessive litigation in the whiplash area of civil litigation. There are very little changes that I would advise our Government to make in relation to whiplash claims in this country. I would advise an introduction of a whiplash NHS care package to speedily deal with medical reports of claimants, this is, however, likely to be introduced together with the medical panels and the accreditation scheme. Through past history of the legal aid introduction, then the Access to Justice Act 1999, and now the Jackson Reforms, what is evident is this constant emerging imbalance between the two sides, justice and morality often lies on the side of the claimant and economical prosperity on the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s side, usually a corporation. The way this imbalance is targeted is by restricting the side that is causing an imbalance, it is something that will continue to be done. Social tendencies dictate that whichever party gets better provisions, will take advantage of it and in some cases even abuse it, such as the fraudulent whiplash claims. That is not to say the system we have at the moment is the optimal, best suited system, but it is one that seems to be reflecting the current economical conditions. The new changes introduced by way of Jackson Reforms are unlikely to stick around long enough to make a long lasting imprint in history, but it seems they are better suited for the current identified imbalance and will remain in place until the scales tip in the opposite direction. Bibliography: Lim Poh Choo v. Camden Health Authority [1980] AC 174. Motto and others v. Trafigura Ltd and another [2011] EWCA Civ 1150. Valentine v McGinty [2010] G.W.D. Langford v Hebran [2001] EWCA Civ 361. Fairley v Thomson [2004] Rep. L.R. 142. Golden v. Dempsley [2010] 9B106073. Kearsley v Klarfeld [2005] EWCA Civ 1510. Casey v Cartwright [2006] EWCA Civ 1280. Simmons v Castle [2012] EWCA Civ 1039. Access to Justice Act 1999. Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 Law Reform (Personal Injuries) Act 1948. Conditional Fee Agreements Order 2013. C McIvor, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Impact of the Jackson reforms on access to justice in personal injury litigationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2011) CJQ. LM Friedman à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Access to Justice: Some Historical Commentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 2009 37(1) Fordham Urb. LJ Article 4, 7 CFA covers legal fees; however additional costs such as medical reports and court fees might have to be covered by the claimant in the even they lose their case. Steve Hawkes , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s compensation culture is out of control, insurance chief warnsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Telegraph, 4 August 2013). R. Lewis, A. Morris and K. Oliphant, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Tort personal injury claims statistics: is there a compensation culture in the United Kingdom?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2006] JPIL 103. Master of The Rolls Lord Dyson, Compensation Culture: Fact or Fantasy? (Holdsworth Club Lecture, 15 March 2013). P. Cane, Atiyahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Accidents, Compensation and the Law (7th ed., Cambridge, 2006). Law Society, Reducing the number and costs of whiplash claims A consultation on arrangements concerning whiplash injuries in England and Wales (March 2013). Civil Justice Council, Reducing the Number Costs of Whiplash Claims. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/insurance/10221301/Britains-compensation-culture-is-out-of-control-insurance-chief-warns.html Accessed 14/03/2014 to 20/03/2014 Chinwe Akomah, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ABI seeks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"radicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ action to tackle whiplash epidemicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Post Online, 27 April 2012) https://www.postonline.co.uk/post/news/2170911/ abi-outlines-radical-plans-tackle-whiplash-epidemic Accessed 14/03/2014 to 20/03/2014 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Jack Straw calls for reform of car insurance industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (BBC, 27 June 2011) https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13922554 Accessed 14/03/2014 to 20/03/2014 Ray Massey, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s whiplash capital: Compensation culture makes British twice as likely to claim, adding  £90 to premiumsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Daily Mail, 20 April 2013) https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2311979/Europes-whiplash-capital-Compensation-culture-makes-British-twice-likely-claim-adding-90-premiums.html Accessed 14/03/2014 to 20/03/2014 John Hyde, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"MoJ confirms plans for medical whiplash panelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Law Gazette, 16 January 2014) https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/practice/moj-confirms-plans-for-medical-whiplash-panels/5039395.article Accessed 14/03/2014 to 20/03/2014 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fraud à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" December 2011à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ¢â€ž ¢ (Weightmans, December 2011) https://www.weightmans.com/library/newsletters/fraud_-_december_2011/lvi_-_a_fresh_approach.aspx Accessed 14/03/2014 to 20/03/2014 Graham Hiscott, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Budget 2014: George Osborneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s recovery exposed as a conà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Mirror, 19 March 2014) https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/budget-2014-george-osbornes-recovery-3258255 Accessed 19/03/2014 to 20/03/2014 [1] Alternative Dispute Resolution. [2] Resulting in new legislation, Access to Justice Act 1999. [3] Steve Hawkes , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s compensation culture is out of control, insurance chief warnsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Telegraph, 4 August 2013) https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/insurance/10221301/Britains-compensation-culture-is-out-of-control-insurance-chief-warns.html [4] Chinwe Akomah, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ABI seeks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"radicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ action to tackle whiplash epidemicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Post Online, 27 April 2012) https://www.postonline.co.uk/post/news/2170911/abi-outlines-radical-plans-tackle-whiplash-epidemic [5] R. Lewis, A. Morris and K. Oliphant, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Tort personal injury claims statistics: is there a compensation culture in the United Kingdom?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2006] JPIL 103. [6] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Jack Straw calls for reform of car insurance industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (BBC, 27 J une 2011) https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13922554 [7]Ray Massey, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s whiplash capital: Compensation culture makes British twice as likely to claim, adding  £90 to premiumsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Daily Mail, 20 April 2013) https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2311979/Europes-whiplash-capital-Compensation-culture-makes-British-twice-likely-claim-adding-90-premiums.html [8] Association of British Insurers. [9] Association of Personal Injury Lawyers. [10] Master of The Rolls Lord Dyson, Compensation Culture: Fact or Fantasy? (Holdsworth Club Lecture, 15 March 2013) 6. [11]Ibid, Lord Dyson quoting BRTF, 4. [12] Ibid 11. [13] Ibid 8. [14] Implemented through s44 and s46 of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012; and Conditional Fee Agreements Order 2013. [15] Motto and others v. Trafigura Ltd and another [2011] EWCA Civ 1150. [16] [1980] AC 174. [17] Ibid. [18] P. Cane, Atiyahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Accidents, Compensation and the Law (7th ed., Cambridge, 2006) 155. [19] Valentine v McGinty [2010] G.W.D. [20] Langford v Hebran [2001] EWCA Civ 361. [21] Fairley v Thomson [2004] Rep. L.R. 142. [22] Law Reform (Personal Injuries) Act 1948, s. 2(4). [23] Ibid (n 17) 155. [24] Ibid (n 17) 151. [25] John Hyde, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"MoJ confirms plans for medical whiplash panelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Law Gazette, 16 January 2014) https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/practice/moj-confirms-plans-for-medical-whiplash-panels/5039395.article [26] Civil Justice Council, Reducing the Number Costs of Whiplash Claims. [27] Ibid. [28] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fraud à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" December 2011à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Weightmans, December 2011) https://www.weightmans.com/library/newsletters/fraud_-_december_2011/lvi_-_a_fresh_approach.aspx [29][2010] 9B106073 [30] Motor Investigation Unit. [31] [2005] EWCA Civ 1510. [32] [2006] EWCA Civ 1280. [33] Law Society, Reduci ng the number and costs of whiplash claims A consultation on arrangements concerning whiplash injuries in England and Wales (March 2013) 2. [34] C McIvor, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Impact of the Jackson reforms on access to justice in personal injury litigationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2011) CJQ. [35] LM Friedman à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Access to Justice: Some Historical Commentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 2009 37(1) Fordham Urb. LJ Article 4, 7. [36] Ibid 9. [37] Ibid (n 30). [38] Ibid (n 30). [39] Ibid (n 31) 4. [40] Lord Jackson Reforms 2013. [41] Introduced through Simmons v Castle [2012] EWCA Civ 1039. [42] Ibid (n 31) 6. [43] Ibid (n 30). [44] CFA covers legal fees; however additional costs such as medical reports and court fees might have to be covered by the claimant in the even they lose their case. [45] Graham Hiscott, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Budget 2014: George Osborneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s recovery exposed as a conà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Mirror, 19 March 2014) https://www.mirror.co .uk/news/uk-news/budget-2014-george-osbornes-recovery-3258255

Gilded Age Dbq Essay - 932 Words

After the soaring ideals and tremendous sacrifices of the Civil War, the post-War era of the United States was generally one of political disillusionment. Even as the continent expanded and industrialized, political life in the Gilded Age was marked by ineptitude and stalemate as passive, rather than active, presidents merely served as figureheads to be manipulated rather than enduring strongholds. As politicians from both the White House to the courthouse were deeply entangled in corruption and scandal during the Gilded Age, the actual economic and social issues afflicting urbanizing America festered beneath the surface without being seriously addressed. During this time, general American attention had shifted away from national†¦show more content†¦(F) Men such as Carnegie and Rockefeller prospered enormously under this system at the expense of foreigners, women, and children, who were simultaneously dwarfed due to harsh working conditions. (G) While 10% of the population reached new economic pinnacles, the remaining 90% struggled to maintain a steady income. Lacking government support, the common man suffered while the rich man thrived. Though the two political parties, the Democrats and Republicans, aged differently in region, ethnicity, and religion, one similarity was prevalent: neither was willing to take strong stands on the most sensitive topics (H). The sectionalism that had been rife prior to the Civil War was still alive. Since neither side wanted to take risks, for fear of upsetting the balance of power, complex issues such as the tariff and money bills moved forward slowly and thus benefited the public too little or too late. The smaller peoples, including farmers, laborers, and small businessmen, were left out of the political equation except at the local machine level. Presidential cabinets were marked by the practice of patronage as the continuation of Andrew Jacksons spoils system became more widespread throughout the country. With no real standouts of the time, the social issues of the day were largely deferred or ignored. During the Gilded Age, approximately 10 million immigrants came to the United States, many in search of religious freedom and greaterShow MoreRelatedGilded Age Dbq Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gilded Age was the time of rapid economic growth for the United States. The period where little corporations turned into a millionaire company. The time of one of the most dynamic, contentious, and volatile periods in American history happened. National wealth increased dramatically but their was a problem for the poor and the farmers of the U.S. People may say that the Gilded Age was the era of corruption, harsh labor and brutal industrial competition, but others think that the Gilded Age isRead MoreGilded Age DBQ901 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ â€Å"The politics of the Gilded Age failed to deal with the critical social and economic issues of the times.† Assess the validity of this statement. Use both the documents and your knowledge of the United States from 1865 to 1900. Whether or not the politics of the Gilded Age failed in dealing with social and economic issues has long been debated by historians. Peeling away streaks of gold plastered on the deficiencies of the time, the cause of such problems can be unveiled. In finding a blame forRead MoreDBQ Questions781 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿DBQ QUESTIONS Writing the DBQ Civil War Assess the following quote: â€Å"Ultimately, the Civil War reduced sectional antagonism and made the United States truly ‘one nation.’† ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Constitution Using information from the evidence below as well as your knowledge of the period, discuss the development of the United States Constitution as aRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of The 19th Century1463 Words   |  6 PagesMaya Stepansky Mr. Meyer Progressive Era DBQ Toward the latter part of the 19th century, bustling America, in response to the trends of industrialization and urbanization that characterized its Gilded Age, began its new century by entering into a new historical/political epoch that came to be known as the Progressive Era. This distinctive period in history (spanning from the 1890s through 1920) found progressives seeking to use the American federal government as a means of change through socialRead MoreWhy Did Farmers Express Discontent During 1870-1900 and What Impact Did Their Attitudes and Actions Have on National Politics.2488 Words   |  10 Pageson national politics. Manufacturing hit a huge growth rate during this period which cause agriculture to decline, and cause farmers to struggle to make a living. The farmers were now being abused by the railroad companies and banks. The documents in DBQ 8 show rationality for the farmer’s protests, exclusively on bank mortgage tariffs and the gold standard. Two particula r groups became popular during this period and that would be the Grangers and the Populist Party. Farmers fought against the Gold

Organizational Behavior in the Organization †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Describe about the Organizational Behaviour in the organization? Answer: Introduction: Organizational Behaviour (OB) is the study of peoples behaviour in an organization. It helps in directing employees skills, knowledge in achieving the goals of any organization. According to the given case study, Big Energy being a giant in the private sector, acquired XYZ Energy, a major government own energy company. This particular study is emphasizing in knowing the impact of the integration model followed by Big Energy in acquiring XYZ Energy on the overall attitudes, values and behaviour of the individual as well the groups exists in the Big Energy organization. It is used to study the behaviour of both groups as well as the individual performance in the organization. This particular study has been executed following the below mentioned steps Analyzing the impact of integration model followed by Big Energy in acquiring XYZ Energy on the overall attitudes, values and behaviour influenced by individual personality; Providing recommendations to help in motivating employees as well as help in developing good team or groups. Impact of the integration model followed by Big Energy After absorption of Big Energy and XYZ organization all employees were impacted in negativas well as positive manner (Subba Rao, 2010). The working culture, strategies, policies were also changed by big energy organization so that all new and old employees are comfortable in the environment (Eason, 2001). Attitude: The main focus of Big Energy was managing their employees. Integration in Big Energy is the process in which different culture people work together in one place. The organization like Big Energy, there is huge number of people with different culture, demography or places. Everyone working is having its own style of working, beliefs, concern for their work. So, to work properly the Big Energy should manage their workforce who belongs to different culture and demography. As per the macro OB theory, every organization needs to emphasis on the process of work of within the organization and their policies, strategies. So, the attitude of the management of Big Energy should have to be such way that considers the strategies as well as policies of XYZ Energy. But, in this case Big Energy fails to do so. Here, the major challenges which the organization has faced are the management of workforce diversity in order to improve their productivity and quality of work as well as the product. Values: The innovation or changes internally or externally should be made by the organization. If the organization is making changes in their policies, rules or regulation the employees should be made aware of it and while changing employees, stakeholders of the organization should be considered. Therefore, values are the The people first choice to work is when the organization is having well managed rules, regulation and the working environment. The challenged faced by the organization is making the work environment well networked. Well networked means that the organization should maintain their hierarchy of work culture (Somech and Drach-Zahavy, 2004). The environment of the organization should always be positive so that the employees should like working there. The Big Energy organization should always try to maintain the positive and peaceful environment which will automatically influence the workforce to work properly and maintain the peace in the workplace (Somech and Drach-Zahavy, 2004 ). The ethical behaviour of the workforce in the organization should be in favour of the organization. The ethics should always be maintained by the workforce of the organization to increase the productivity of the organization. Behaviour: As per the micro OB theory, it is very much necessary to give emphasis on the individual as well as group behaviour present in XYZ organization. Understanding behaviour of the employee is important as it helps in analyzing the action as well as personality of individual in the organization (Editorial Board, 2013). It helps the managers to motivate their subordinates to do work or increase their work effectively. In this particular case, it helps the manager of the Big Energy to know the behaviour of their subordinates and make them work according to it. The study of behaviour of existing employees indicates that there is an issue faced by the organization in maintaining the relationship between individual and the organization, as when organization is aware about the individuals behaviour, beliefs and personality then maintaining the professional relation will be easier. As it helps in maintaining the level of job satisfaction of the employees present in the organization and helps in developing the behaviour related to the work, there is requiring identifying the way to resolve this specific issue. It also helps the managers to motivate their subordinates to work according to the level of expectation. The managers are also motivated by their lead to work properly and make their subordinates work. As per the integration model, industrial relationship of the organization can be maintained by the help of organizational effectiveness. It helps in increasing the behaviour related to the function of the organization. The functional behaviour of the organization can be maintained with the help of it. Therefore, to maintain the level of productivity, effectiveness, efficiency of the organization, Big Energy must have to resolve behavioural issue rose due to such integration (Galaskiewicz, 2007). It is also the fact that during integration there is requiring considering behavioural aspect of both the organization. For that, it is essential to enhance the managerial skills of the managers of Big Energy. Specifically, the self development, personality development skills of the managers in the organization is important. This will ultimately enhance the interpersonal skills of an individual or the team head of the organization. Interpersonal skills are like leadership, motivation, team building and etc. It helps in improving the coordination among the team or group present in the organization (Lamertz, 2006). There are different groups present in the organization who are having people with different culture, so to maintain the coordination the study of their behaviour is important. The changes or innovation if required in the organization policies, rules or anything else can be done on the basis of the ob (Dulaimi, Ling and Bajracharya, 2003). The bases on which the Big Energy performs the study of XYZ staff members are as follows: Psychology of the employees of XYZ It is used to study or analyze the behaviour of an individual. But the result shows that employees, who came from XYZ, did not match with the existing strategy. So, it creates adverse impact on the employee. Sociology study It helps in knowing the behaviour of the different groups present in the organization. This study shows that there are different behaviours experienced for XYZ as well as Big Energy. Thus, this also creates issue in the long run. Social Psychology study It is used knowing the affect or impact of one another present in the organization. Since, the study evidenced different behaviours in both group of employees, it ultimately creates pressure on the employees itself. So, in the long run, it affects the the culture of the Big Energy. This study also helps in knowing the behaviour of an individual in the political environment of the organization. Conclusion and recommendation: The main focus of integration model of Big energy was on competitive advantages which help in increasing their long term profit. Its aim is to increase the rate of integration. Big energy after absorption process was unable to get proper innovative process for operation which de motivated their employees. Big energy should analyze their behavioural model of efficiency so that they can examine the behaviour of group or individual present in organization. Organization is made by the employees attitude towards their work, culture and their values. Management of Big Energy should focus on the needs, attitude and also the problem which remaining employees are facing. Big Energy should focus on the morale of the remaining employees so that they are motivated to work. The study of OB in Big Energy helps in understanding the issues involved here. Here, the organization needs to follow the below mentioned strategies to diminish the issues faced by the employees. First of all, there is require d to conduct study at individual level i.e. Micro level. The individual level is to be conducted by making study on the behaviour, beliefs, personality of an individual working in the organization. Secondly, there is requiring employing specific strategy, so that people can work in groups. Here, the work group means the team or group present in the organization. Suppose there is a group of ten people in the organization who are working for common goal, so the personality, action of work, methods of performing work and etc will be different of everyone. To study everyones behaviour ob is helpful. It will help in increasing the level of job performed by the group or team. By the case study it is clear that due to integration the morale of employees were going down so the management of XYZ organization should be transparent and try to increase the value system and examine correctly the behaviour. It will help to increase the coordination among the employees after absorption. In order to address the attitude issue, the organization have to encourage their employees to work up to the expectations, there should be such initiatives that influence them to work within the organization. For this, they have to examine the behaviour of their employees properly on a frequent basis. Here, the models which can be used by the organization are:- Supportive model Supportive model of ob in the organization focuses on leadership. In this model the manager has to encourage their subordinates to do his job in proper manner to increase the productivity of the organization (Buchanan, 1995). Autocratic Model Autocratic model will focus on the power or authority of the employees in the organization. This model describes the power of different people in the organization like the power or authority of manager is to control their subordinates and motivate them to do their job. Collegial Model This model can be used to describe the team work of the organization. It is used to identify the level of coordination among the team members or the group members. The level of coordination defines the level of work performed if the level of coordination is good or high among the members then the quality of work performed will also be good. Custodial Model This model of ob can be used by the organization to describe the economic resources available in the organization. In this model managers motivate by giving different faculties or benefit to the employees which make them work individually to increase the monetary benefit separately. System Model System model will help in describing the trust, motivation level, performance of the employees working in the organization. The level of trust of employees on the organization is very important for the organization because if the employees are not having trust on the organization they cannot be motivated to work (Adhikari, n.d.). Further, the organization can also utilize the Quantitative method is used to analyze the behaviour on the bases of statistics. The quantitative in simple words means that the research is based on the numbers, figures which is obtained by using different statistics models. To analyze the human behaviour who are working in the organization different statistics methods are used like: Time- series analysis Multiple regressions Meta analysis Correlation Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) and etc Every statistical method can be used to analyze the behaviour but there ways of performing is different from each other. Organization uses the quantitative method to do the systematic research of the behaviour with the help of statistical, mathematical and numeric. References Adhikari, H. (n.d.). Organizational Change Models: A Comparison. SSRN Journal. Buchanan, D. (1995). Desanitizing Organizational Behaviour. Organization, 2(1), pp.165-167. Dulaimi, M., Ling, F. and Bajracharya, A. (2003). Organizational motivation and inter-organizational interaction in construction innovation in Singapore. Construction Management and Economics, 21(3), pp.307-318. Eason, K. (2001). Changing perspectives on the organizational consequences of information technology. Behaviour Information Technology, 20(5), pp.323-328. Editorial Board. (2013). Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods Applications, 80, p.IFC. Galaskiewicz, J. (2007). Has a Network Theory of Organizational Behaviour Lived Up to its Promises?. Management Organization Review, 3(1), pp.1-18. Lamertz, K. (2006). Organizational Citizenship Behaviour as Performance in Multiple Network Positions. Organization Studies, 27(1), pp.79-102. Somech, A. and Drach-Zahavy, A. (2004). Exploring organizational citizenship behaviour from an organizational perspective: The relationship between organizational learning and organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(3), pp.281-298. Somech, A. and Drach-Zahavy, A. (2004). Exploring organizational citizenship behaviour from an organizational perspective: The relationship between organizational learning and organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(3), pp.281-298. Subba Rao, T. (2010). Time Series Analysis. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 31(2), pp.139-139.

Loss of RMS Titanic (1912) Significant Events of the 20th Century

Introduction The Loss of RMS Titanic occurred on 15th April 1912 when it sunk within three hours after it struck an iceberg on 14th April 1912 at 11:40 pm. The loss occurred while the ship was on its Maiden voyage from Southampton, United Kingdom to the New York City in the United States causing one of the deadliest maritime disasters of the 20th century.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Loss of RMS Titanic (1912): Significant Events of the 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Titanic started its maiden voyage at Southampton to New York on 10th April 1912. RMS Titanic was the largest passenger vessel at the time. It was constructed by Harland and Wolff Shipyard in Belfast Ireland from 1909 to 1911 (The Library of Virginia, n. p.). Titanic had 2,223 people on board during the accident causing death of 1178 people (Hill, 1996). When The Virginia Newspaper examined events of sinking RMS titanic (n. p.), it was founded that it was licensed to carry 2603 passengers. The design of the Titanic was done using the best standards to conform to safety regulations. This made the engineers believe that Titanic was unsinkable and secure. The events that led to loss of RMS Titanic have changed ship design, navigation regulations and affected lives of many who survived to date. What are the Causes of Loss of RMS TITANIC? The loss of Titanic was caused by a number of reasons varying from design, regulations to operation. The main reason for the loss was the collision between the Titanic and an iceberg. This destroyed about two hundred and ninety nine feet of the ship’s steel hull allowing sea water to flow to some of its sixteen compartments. However, its construction and the kind of materials used are believed to have contributed greatly to its rapid loss. The main design of Titanic was done by Lord Pirrie. A team of engineers helped him in the design and construction including Alexander Carlisle who was in charge of decorations, general arrangement and several other duties. The hull steel which was used to construct the ship was brittle and easily broke due to impact of collision. Test done on the steel retrieved by scientists from wreckage indicates that the metal was brittle rather than ductile as required (Gannon, 1995). This was caused by high content of oxygen and sulfur. The collision with the iceberg caused a great impact due to the speed of the ship and low water temperature. The rivets used to fasten hull plates broke down too. Being made from wrought iron and exposure to very low temperatures in water, the rivets succumbed to the impact of the collision. The rivets broke because they were brittle and encounter with the cold water increased the chance of breaking (Gannon, 1995).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This opened inlets for water to flow into water t ight compartments of the ship through traverse bulkhead which were poorly designed (Broad, 2008). The water tight compartments kept water instead of spreading around making it to pitch. Water in the damaged compartments entered other compartments very fast when the ship pitched forward because they were watertight horizontally only. The topside of all the sixteen watertight compartments was open allowing water to enter easily making the ship to sink faster than anticipated. Who Are Key Players In The Loss Of RMS TITANIC? The captain of the ship Edward J. Smith ignored warnings about ice received from other ships through wireless operators. His crew was not in a position to change the course of the ship when they spotted a massive iceberg 500 yards ahead due to the size of the ship and its speed which was almost at full steam (Gannon, 1995). Second officer David Blair left the ship when Charles Lightoller was made second officer. He stored five pairs of lookout binoculars in his cabi n and did not inform Lightoller of its where about. Blair’s actions caused enormous repercussions. Lack of the binoculars resulted in watering of their eyes within every few seconds due to low temperatures. However, it is Captain Smith who initiated these series of activities when he requested that Henry Wilde be made chief officer of MRS Titanic. This resulted in William Murdoch being demoted to first officer and Charles Lightoller to second officer both of who where officers in Titanic. Blair left the ship and resigned without formally handing over (Rogers et al, 1998). According to Titanic Disaster Historical Documents Archive (1998), during the time of the disaster, British Board of Trade had regulations which were outdated requiring ships with over ten thousand tons to carry sixteen lifeboats only. Although, British Board of Trade regulations required 16 lifeboats for Titanic, White Star Line provided 20 lifeboats which were more than the number required by four lifeboat s. Bruce Ismax manager of White Star Line objected to the number of life boats recommended by Alexander Carlisle after his calculations. Bruce considered the British Board of Trade regulation which required it to have sixteen life boats which were sufficient for about 960 people while the vessel had a capacity of more than 2000 passengers. Lord Pirrie, Alexander Carlisle, Thomas Andrews and other engineers designed and constructed titanic using assumptions based on their experience. The metals used where tempered with temperatures not suitable use in low temperature situations (Hill, 1996).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Loss of RMS Titanic (1912): Significant Events of the 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The engineers and designers left the topsides of the compartments open and the sides made watertight but walls made up to only a small distance above the highest level of water. The design team w as compromised by the White Star Management hence reducing the number of life boats from the initial 64 to 20. What are The Effects and Repercussions of the Loss of RMS Titanic? Immediate Repercussions of Loss of RMS Titanic Massive loss of life occurred due to the sinking of the Titanic. A total of 1178 people lost their lives. Thousands grieved their loved ones while a number of people loosing their entire families. The company which owned titanic, White Star Line, modified its existing ships to avoid any subsequent loss caused by design problems which contributed to the Titanic disaster. Together with Harland and Wolff Shipyard the company that constructed Titanic and other shipbuilding companies, White Star Line started to follow all the regulations which had been put in place by United Kingdom and United States governments before the Titanic disaster occurred. Other safety regulations for the ships at sea were discussed and put in place which included ship design, and regulatio ns for passenger and cargo ships. The number of lifeboats was also increased to fit the number of passengers in each ship. Current Repercussions of the Loss of MRS Titanic Safety of Life at Sea convention was organized in 1948 to discuss and come up with regulations which would ensure no such disaster occur in future. The convention was used to establish specifications to be used in designing of ships and their watertight compartments. The design was to be based on size of ships and the compartments were to limit flooding in ships and ensure that they must stay afloat with two water tight compartments flooded (Basset, 1998). Safety regulations including mandatory increased lifeboat capacity were established and are in use to date. Use of wireless communication and ice patrols regulations were also established to avoid repeat of the Titanic disaster.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Basset, Vicky. â€Å"Causes and Effects of the Rapid Sinking of the Titanic†. Undergraduate Engineering Review, 1998. Web. Broad, William J. â€Å"Why did it really sink?† The New York Times, 15Apr. 2008 . Web. Gannon, Robert. â€Å"What Really Sank the Titanic?† Popular Science 246.2 (1995): 49-55. Web. Hill, Steve. â€Å"The Mystery of the Titanic: A Case of Brittle Fracture?† Materials World 4.6 (1996): 334-335. Web. Rogers, Patrick, Anne-Marie O’Neill, and Sophfronia Gregory, S. â€Å"Sunken Dreams,† People 49.10 (1998): 44-51. Web. The Library of Virginia. â€Å"The Virginia Newspaper Project examines the news covering the sinking of R.M.S. Titanic†. R.M.S. Titanic: Ninety nine Years Later. 2009. Web. â€Å"Titanic Disaster Historical Documents Archiveâ€Å". Paperlessarchives.  1998. Web. This essay on Loss of RMS Titanic (1912): Significant Events of the 20th Century was written and submitted by user Avalanche to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Data Mining essays

Data Mining essays In today's information age, many businesses rely on customer information for survival. Data mining is a relatively new and very important tool in aquiring knowledge on thier customers, spending habbits, geograpphical trends, and more. "Data mining is an information extraction activity which has as its goal the discovery of hidden facts contained within databases." What this means is its automated procedures used to find unknown patterns in order to make likely predictions such as consumer spending habbits. Eric Brethenoux, a research director for advanced technologies at the Gartner Group, is one of many who believes that datamining is a technology in which a company cannot afford to ignored. With present day data mining capabalities, it is now possible to spot trends in data in information companies stored from the past, creating a competative advantage for the company with the most information. The power of datamining lies in the way it does not rely on narrow human queries t o produce results, but instead uses technology developed in the fields associated with Artificial Intelligence. Using artificial intelligence, datamining can produce useful inferences concerning data that human analysts would never see. Data Mining can be used by many companies to find new customers and repeat business to previous customers. As stated before, many businesses rely on this use of data mining for survival. This is very helpful when deciding strategic target marketing. Without it, many businesses may not have enough customers to run a profitable and successful operation. Identifying inefficient operations within the buiness is another use for data mining. The findings pertinant to efficiency can save a wastefull business enourmess amounts of capital. Finding and understanding what is inefficient can be considered the first step towards finding an efficient system or met ...

Fr Trd or Fir Trd Wht's th diffrnc Issus surrounding th WTO r mny nd Essay

Fr Trd or Fir Trd Wht's th diffrnc Issus surrounding th WTO r mny nd complx - Essay Example Undr CFT, mor thn 80% of U.S. consumr nd industril xports nd ovr hlf of U.S. frm xports to Cntrl mric would bcom duty-fr immditly. To ddrss unvn dvlopmnt nd trnsition issus, CFT spcifis ruls for lngthy triff phs-out schduls s wll s trnsitionl sfgurds nd triff rt quots (TRQs) for snsitiv goods. lthough mny goods would ttin immdit duty-fr trtmnt, othrs would hv triffs phsd out incrmntlly so tht duty-fr trtmnt is rchd in 5, 10, 15, or 20 yrs from th tim th grmnt tks ffct. Duty-fr trtmnt would b dlyd for th mor snsitiv products, nd in som css, th triff rductions would not bgin until 7 or 12 yrs into th grmnt. CFT is controvrsil nd fcs politicl uncrtinty. Supportrs hop tht CFT cn b prt of policy foundtion supportiv of both improvd intrrgionl trd nd long-trm socil, politicl, nd conomic dvlopmnt. Concrns rmin, howvr, ovr th ngtiv ffcts on crtin sctors nd mploys of th U.S. conomy, nd tht blncd outcom my b difficult to chiv if th FT fils to ccommodt sufficintly th djustmnt costs lso fcing crtin Cntrl mricn workrs, smll frmrs, nd othr groups. Th history som CFT countris hv of poor lbor rights nforcmnt riss qustions ovr whthr th lbor provisions will dqutly promot socil dvlopmnt. For ll CFT countris, th constntly incrsing US forign dirct invstmnt nd ccss to US tchnology combind with th incrsd duty fr ccss to th US mrkt rprsnt significnt bnfits. Morovr, th psychologicl ffct of th grmnt will ncourg mor ntrprnurship nd grtr job crtion in Cntrl mric nd th Dominicn Rpublic, which r ssntil to crting sustinbl dvlopmnt. Nvrthlss, CFT firms will fc strongr comptition from US firms undr th grmnt. Opponnts of CFT rgu tht only th wlthy lits of Cntrl mric nd th Dominicn Rpublic will bnfit from th grmnt, nd tht it will hv n unfvorbl impct on workrs, smll businsss, frmrs nd th nvironmnt. Thy furthr disdvntg of CFT tht th nt rsult of CFT will b n vn widr gp btwn th rich nd poor in ths dvloping countris. This disprity in conomic powr nd th rsulting conomic injustic hs bn th root cus of th politicl instbility tht hs inundtd ths countris historiclly. dding up ll trd bnfits, th Bush dministrtion rgud to Congrss tht CFT would offr support for strngthning dmocrcy in countris tht hv continuously struggld with stringnt intrnl politicl conflicts nd rgionl conflicts in th rcnt pst. To tk full dvntg of ths bnfits, nw World Bnk rport dviss countris to commnc complmntry invstmnts nd rforms to nhnc th grmnt's growth impct nd gurnt bnfits for ll. "Grtr trd opportunitis r ssntil to improving living stndrds in dvloping countris," sid World Bnk Prsidnt Pul Wolfowitz. Th grtr trd lvls will ris from th rmovl of virtully ll triff nd quot brrirs, consolidting th privilgd mrkt ccss Cntrl mric lrdy hs in U.S. mrkts through th Cribbn Bsin Inititiv. CFT should lso intnsify rgionl intgrtion mong th Cntrl mricn ntions thmslvs nd ncourg grtr lvls of forign invstmnt. It's importnt to rcogniz tht conomic growth is rsult of production, not consumption. Thus th logic of th "trd s forign id" rgumnt dictts tht CFT is intndd to promot th importtion of goods from Cntrl mric, rthr thn th xport of U.S. goods to th rgion. Th qustion wthr th Unitd Sttd of mric will bnfit from this multiltrl grmnt stys opn, but thr r som nsws tht cn bring you closr to undrstnding wht popl nticipt from this grmnt. Mny popl in th Unitd Stts r suspicious of fr trd grmnts. Thy r concrnd bout losing thir jobs bcus of imports

Sociology Research Proposal - Second part to Literature Review Essay

Sociology Research Proposal - Second part to Literature Review - Essay Example The American September 11, 2001 World Trade Centre tragedy was one of severe calamity which claimed many lives. The 9/11 event was followed by another act of terrorism on July 7 in London: A bombing in 2005 which claimed 56 lives. These two activities dominated much of media attention worldwide creating a linkage of a particular religious group in these two activities. The method by which media reporting of these terrorist activities is presented often portrays Islamic-based or Muslim groups in an unfavourable light, creating questions as to the credibility of reporting the events as being somewhat biased. Media reporting often fails to report terrorist activities with objectivity, leaving Australian citizens with a one-sided viewpoint regarding the Islamic faith as a whole, likely creating a level of unsubstantiated discrimination against this entire religious group. This proposed study is designed to examine the reporting methods and media portrayal of Islamic terrorist organizations which might be competently attributed to Australian social discrimination against Muslim individuals. It is proposed that this link can be established between media and Islamic discrimination through analysis of media content within the period followed by the September 11 and July 7 terrorist tragedies. The recent increase in global terrorist activities and the method by which terrorists have conducted many of their hostile activities have attracted attentions of individuals from media and society as a whole. Repetitive press linkage of one particular religious group has given rise to the interest behind this research. The aforementioned American and British tragedies have boosted the over-generalization of the Muslim community as a whole by the media worldwide. Even more specific, Australian media has taken an active interest in the portrayal of those in the Islamic faith as being generically linked to terrorist

Water Quality Management Issues In DEWA Company Environmental Sciences Essay

Water Quality Management Issues In DEWA Company Environmental Sciences Essay This paper will discuss water quality management issues in a Dubai company called DEWA (Dubai Electricity and Water Authority). This is a governmental organization that is in charge of producing and distributing water and electricity to the whole of the Dubai population. Water quality issues were among the concerns of the third UNEP report on the environment. Gordon (1998:1) notes, The Global Environmental Outlook (GEO-3 report) identified a wide spectrum of existing and emerging water issues that need to be addressed if the world is to achieve sustainable development. One of the general issues in water management is the threat of depletion of groundwater due to the rising demands for land for agriculture and for building urban centres. Majority of communities living near water catchment areas such as forests are depleting rather than preserving them. Hydro-development and geothermal projects are another threat to abundance of water sources and the quality of water because they divert it to uses such as irrigation and generation of electricity. Another concern is the threat to quality of water due to pollution by fertilizers, pesticides and factory chemical emissions. Poor quality of water has a negative effect on human, animal and plant populations, and can occur due to natural or artificial factors. One cause of problems in the quality of water is natural chemicals in the air and ground that enter into contact with water sources and pollute them. Another factor, which is also the largest contributor to poor water quality, is human use of chemicals that pollute water bodies in activities such as farming and industrial production. Sources of water pollution can be fixed, such as manufacturing plants, or mobile, for example, farming activities. The first category has pollutants that are very strong while those of the latter group are mild but are extensive in area of coverage. Moreover, it is easier to estimate and alleviate pollution from the first category than the second because the latter affect a wider region. As Ongley (1999:5) observes, Water quality degradation can pose serious threats to public health, agricultural and industrial production, ecological functions, and biodiversity. Water quality problems can arise from high concentration of naturally occurring elements such as arsenic, fluoride, or selenium. But most water quality problems are caused by the discharge of pollutants from human activities. Pollution sources include point sources-specific points of discharge of high-pollutant concentration-and nonpoint sources-low-concentration sources covering a large area. Point source discharges from sewers, wastewater treatment plants, and factories are visible and can be chemically characterized relatively easily. However, substantial loads of pollutants can also enter water bodies from nonpoint sources, such as fertilizer use for agriculture. In the case of the DEWA Company, poor quality of water is likely to result from emissions from point sources rather than nonpoint ones because the firm undertakes the supply of water to the nation. Consequently, the company has facilities set up to clean water before pumping it to consumers. For example, in 2010 the company set up a facility at Jebel Ali to purify water from salty substances. The chemicals used to desalinate the water and purify it may be a threat to its quality. Another possible threat to the quality of water that the firm supplies is likely to be poor hygiene of the storage tanks, distribution pumps and pipes. If management does not ensure that these facilities are clean, contamination of water is likely to occur. If the storage tanks are left bare, contamination of the water contained therein is likely to occur. Moreover, the residue of chemical substances, especially chlorine, used to clean these facilities is likely to pollute the water when in storage or during distribution. In addition, the company can cause pollution of external water masses through emissions from its water treatment facility. At the same time, since it supplies electricity to consumers, generation of this source of energy can cause gas emissions that pollute not only the air but also the water masses nearby. The World Health Organization has set maximum levels for chemicals present in water, especially for human consumption. World Health Organization (1958: 9) Water intended for human consumption must be free from chemical substances and micro-organisms in amounts which would provide a hazard to health is universally accepted. Supplies of drinking-water should not only be safe and free from dangers to health, but should also be as aesthetically attractive as possible. Absence of turbidity, color and disagreeable or detectable tastes and odors is important in water-supplies intended for domestic use. Fluoride levels should not be lower than 0.5 mg/l as this will contribute to dental decay in the population, especially in children. Nitrates, on the other hand, should not exceed 50 mg/l and 100 mg/l. If bacterial organisms of the coliform type are present, this means that the water has faecal contamination and therefore is not fit for human consumption. Moreover, the water should be free of any taste and smell. The table below presents the acceptable levels in drinking water for other chemical substances. World Health Organization (1958:29) Chemicals affecting portability of water Total solids 500 mg/l 1500 mg/I Colour 5 units 50 units Turbidity 5 units 25 units Taste Unobjectionable Oduor Unobjectionable Iron (Fe) 0.3 mg/l 1.0 mg/l Manganese (Mn) 0.1 mg/l 0.5 mg/l Copper (Cu) 1.0 mg/l l.5 mg/l Zinc (Zn) 5.0 mg/l 15 mg/l Calcium (Ca) 75 mg/l 200 mg/l Magnesium (Mg) 50 mg/l 150 mg/l Sulfate (SO) 200 mg/l 400 mg/l Chloride (Cl) 200 mg/l 600 mg/l pH range 7.0-8.5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤6.5 or à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 9.2 Magnesium + sodium sulfate 500 mg/l 1000 mg/l Phenolic substances (as phenol) 0.001 mg/l 0.002 mg/l Burke (2002:1) notes that the main aim of monitoring the quality of water is to ensure its clean and safe supply. Some of the variables to check in order to get an indication of water quality include temperature of the water, alkalinity and acidity, density, amount of salt, gas levels such as oxygen and nitrogen, chemical substances such as nitrate and phosphorous and micro-organisms such as protozoa, among others. One may therefore carry out the process from a physical, chemical or biological perspective or use all of these angles of analysis. However, this process also involves checking the hygiene levels of water bodies in use by many stakeholders and those that offer a habitat for animal and plant populations. Since water is one of the resources in the natural environment, it is susceptible to effects from manufacturing plants that utilize natural resources. These include geothermal plants, quarries where mining takes place and the timber industry that makes use of wood from forests. Monitoring the quality of water therefore involves assessing the impact of such industries on water, water bodies and catchment areas. Another reason for monitoring the quality of water is to check whether a particular type of water mass meets the standards set for it. The standards depend on the use of the water body. These include for water for drinking purposes, leisure, fishing, habitat for wildlife, farming and industrial use. She adds that there exist three main ways of monitoring the quality of water. Burke (2010:1) mentions discrete, mechanical, and automated methods. In the first instance, which is the old way of monitoring water quality, one measures a single aspect. This is done either in the field or in a laboratory. This method is tiring and time-consuming. At the same time, it is subject to the operators bias and judgment when collecting the samples as well as when doing the analysis in a laboratory. The second method involves leaving bottles in a water mass for some time to collect water then taking these to a laboratory. This method reduces the manual effort and time spent collecting samples of water. However, it is subject to bias from laboratory analyses and at the same time, leads to loss of time spent waiting for the bottles to collect water. The third method makes use of devices that will sense the aspect of water quality being tested and these in turn store the information. This method is fast and likely to yield more reliable results than the other two as it does not rely on the subjective judgment of the analyst in a laboratory setup. In the monitoring of water quality, screening methods have become more common than other techniques. This is because they are fast and easy to use due to their advanced technology. Gonzalez, Greenwood, Quevauviller (2009:16) note, Screening methods are often chosen by field operators for rapid and simple measurement of water quality. They are also called alternative methods or emerging tools. There are different types of alternative method such as ready-to-use methods (test kit method), handheld devices (handheld instrument with generally no reagent needed), online sensors (generally in an industrial context) and methods for biological monitoring (such as bio markers, whole-organism tests). To improve the process of monitoring water quality, DEWA has integrated an automated system among its management programs. According to DEWA Company (2009:15), 7-Technologies has entered into agreement with our German system integrator, Cegelec, for the supply of an AQUIS real-time water management system to DEWA in the United Arab Emirates. The AQUIS platform supplied includes all the AQUIS modules: Hydraulic, Water Quality, Surge, Load Forecaster, Leak Detection, GIS and SCADA Interface. The real-time system will provide asset and process performance monitoring and give early warnings of potential operational problems. This will improve planning and design, serviceability, water quality and leakage reduction. For this topic, I choose the automated technique of measuring water quality because it is fast and yields more reliable results. This method makes use of devices capable of sensing the variables under consideration. Since the DEWA Company distributes water for human consumption, it has to ensure that it stores and distributes enough water for the population. DEWA Company (2009:3) DEWA has a policy to maintain bulk storage of potable water equivalent to two days of system peak demand. This implies that it has an extensive reservoir and distribution system, which is not possible to monitor manually on a regular basis. Moreover, the stored water is susceptible to residue of chemical substances such as chlorine and this may affect the quality of water the firm distributes for human consumption. The company therefore requires continually monitoring of the quality of the stored water and the automated technique would be the most appropriate. The technology applicable here would be the online sensing devices that would read the chlorine levels in the tanks as well as the input and output pipes. To monitor water quality in the DEWA Company (2009:5), analyzer stations consisting of transmitters and sensor assemblies for measuring pH, residual chlorine, conductivity and temperature may be installed at specified locations as per DEWAs specifications. The quality of the water that DEWA produces is as follows: DUBAI ELECTRICITY WATER AUTHORITY TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION: WATER DIVISION OPERATION DEPT. LABORATORY TYPICAL RANGE OF COMPOSITION OF DEWA WATER ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 250-800 MICROMHOS/CM pH 7.5-8.5 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS 125.0-400.0 Mg/l CHLORIDE AS CI Mg/l BICARBONATE AS HCO3 50.0-75.0 Mg/l SULPHATE AS SO4 Mg/l NITRATE Mg/l CALCIUM AS Ca 15.0-25.0 Mg/l TOTAL HARDNESS AS CaCO3 50.0-120.0 Mg/l MAGNESIUM AS Mg 2.0-20.0 Mg/l SODIUM AS Na Mg/l FLUORIDE AS F NIL TASTE, COLOUR AND ODOUR UNOBJECTION-ABLE COLIFORM BACTERIA NIL The above table incorporates variables of assessing quality of water from a chemical, physical and biological perspective. From the data, it appears that the DEWA Company produces relatively high quality water. This is because, according to the above table, the water is free from any taste, smell and has no color and is therefore transparent. In addition, it is free from contamination by coliform bacterial organisms, meaning the water has no faecal pollution. However, there is no fluoride present in the water meaning that it is likely to cause dental problems in the consuming population. As the World Health Organization (1958:28-29) notes, If the fluoride concentration in the drinking-water of a community is less than 0.5 mg/l, a high incidence of dental caries is likely to occur. To prevent the development of dental caries in children, a number of communal water-supplies are fluoridated to bring the fluorine concentration to 1.0 mg/l. Moreover, the water is safe for consumption because its nitrate levels do not exceed the World Health Organization directives of 50 mg/l and 100 mg/l. The water pH does not raise concerns since the levels of alkalinity and acidity of the water are within the accepted range. It is therefore possible that there are few land use activities in the areas from which the company sources its water. Consequently, fewer chemical substances such as fertilizers and pesticides wash off into the water sources. In addition, the amount of chloride is also on the lower end of the permissible range, which means that salinity of the water is low. However, the amount of dissolved matter is less than the permissible level therefore the water density is low, but on the other hand, this means that the salinity levels are low. The magnesium, calcium and sulphate contents are also lower than the acceptable minimum, which means that though the water lacks essential components, it has low salinity levels. According to the above table, the water from the DEWA Company is relatively good for consumption because it does not contain toxic substances such as lead or cyanide. The presence of nitrates in the water that the firm supplies is likely to be due to the discharge of treated sewage water while that of sodium is due to the use of this compound to clear chlorine residue. On the other hand, the absence of fluoride in the water may be due to changes in climate in the areas where the company sources its water. The high potential of the water to conduct electricity may be due to the presence of radioactive matter. This is also evident in the presence of hydrocarbons in the water. The salinity of the water is low meaning that there is a higher amount of freshwater than salty water entering into contact with the sources of the DEWA water. Since the amount of dissolved solids in the water is less than 1000mg/l, it appears then that the DEWA water is fresh. It appears that the water is soft because the levels of magnesium and calcium are low. Moreover, the amount of solids dissolved in the water is low indicating that the saline content is also low. According to Statgraphics (2006:1), An important technique used to determine how well a process meets a set of specification limits is called a process capability analysis. A capability analysis is based on a sample of data taken from a process and usually produces: an estimate of the DPMO (defects per million opportunities), one or more capability indices and an estimate of the Sigma Quality Level at which the process operates. From the above table, it appears that the water quality management process at the DEWA Company is capable of meeting the needs of the population. In addition, it appears that the company is capable of providing good quality water for human consumption to its consumers. The strengths of the system include its ability to lower the saline content and the amount of dissolved solids therefore producing water that is fresh. Furthermore, the water does not contain toxic substances such as cyanide, lead, among others, and this implies that it is fit for human consumption. Moreover, there is a balance between the water acid and alkaline levels as the pH is within the acceptable range. The nitrate levels are also within the acceptable range and therefore do not pose a threat to human health. In addition, the water is soft rather than hard due to reduction of magnesium and calcium elements. Another strong point is that the management system has preserved the waters aesthetic quality since there is no odor, color and taste present. Moreover, the water is free from faecal pollution as there is no contamination by bacterial organisms of the coliform nature. According to DEWA Company (2009:7), DEWAs water system consists of a transmission network where pipe diameters range from 550 mm to 1200 mm, and distribution network where pipe diameters range from 100 mm to 450 mm. This means that the company is able to transmit and distribute large amounts of water at any given time due to the large capacity and volume of its transmission system. On the other hand, the water production system has fewer defects than the strengths listed above. The defects include production of water with no fluoride element, which can lead to tooth decay. In addition, the electrical conductivity of the water is very high indicating the possibility of contamination with radioactive matter. However, the strengths of the system of water production outweigh its weaknesses. The indicators of the systems capability to produce good quality water are the variables that the company uses to measure the quality of water. These include lack of taste, smell, color, coliform bacterial organisms that are indicative of faecal pollution, few nitrate, calcium and magnesium contents that are an indication of low salinity levels, normal alkaline and acidity levels, a low amount of dissolved solids and the absence of poisonous substances such as lead and cyanide. In conclusion, it appears then that the company is capable of producing good quality water for the con suming population. Consequently, we can also say that the management system of the DEWA Company in relation to the production and supply of water is one that is effective in terms of ensuring good quality water.

HBM: A Dietary Supplement for Building Muscle :: Health Nutrition Papers

HBM: A Dietary Supplement for Building Muscle Three major companies (Twinlab, MetRx, and EAS) currently market the nutritional supplement HMB, or beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (http://www.sports-nutrition.org/mesomorphosis/3022645.html). HMB has been highly acclaimed since it’s recent market debut by EAS (http://www.eas.com/research/hmb/mindex.html). Many critics have compared it to the wonder-product Creatine Monohydrate. Such a comparison undoubtedly harbors both positive and negative aspects. But nevertheless, HMB products continue to thrive in nutritional stores worldwide. I. What is HMB? "HMB (hydroxy-methylbutraye) is a metabolite of the amino acid Leucine and is produced naturally by the human body. HMB is produced from a metabolite of leucine, called ketoisocaproate (KIC), by the enzyme KIC-dioxygenase. And, at least in the pig, HMB is produced exclusively from leucine"(Nissen p.2095). II. How does HMB work? Steven Nissen and his colleagues have performed the only study to date of HMB on humans. The researchers agree that the mechanism by which HMB impacts muscle proteolysis and function is not currently known. Nevertheless there are a number of postulations. "The high substrate concentration required by the dioxygenase enzyme compared with the liver concentration of KIC suggests that HMB production in the body may be a first-order reaction controlled by enzyme and KIC concentrations. It has been calculated that, under normal conditions, about 5% of leucine oxidation proceeds via this pathway. Therefore, if humans are assumed to have enzyme actions similar to those seen in pigs, a 70-kg human would produce from .2 to .4 g HMB/day depending on the level of dietary leucine. At leucine intakes of 20-50 g/day (which are used therapeutically), the concentrations of leucine and KIC in the liver increase and could result in HMB production reaching gram quantities per day"(Nissen p.2095). Some s tudies involving HMB supplementation to the diet of steers and pigs have been shown to improve caracass quality. Based on these findings, it has been hypothesized that supplementing the diet with HMB may inhibit protein degradation during periods of increased proteolysis such as resistance training. III. What are the Claims? The three companies that currently market the product recommend 1.5-3.0 grams of HMB/day as a dietary supplement. Although the science behind the product’s effectiveness is rather unclear, all three companies show few distinctions between dosages and manufacturing. Most people who have noticed the product often see HMB advertised as a protein breakdown suppressor. Researchers claim that such an advantage actually enhances the gains in muscle strength and lean mass associated with resistance training.

Indentured Servants Vis-a-Vis Slaves

a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   INDENTURED SERVANTS Landless Europeans agreed to work under a form of contract labor for several years to pay off travel costs. During that time (indentured period) they received no compensation but food, room, and clothing were provided. The Masters could administer punishment and otherwise abuse to them, similar to the owners’ treatment of their slaves. The servants lack full political and civil rights. The indenture servant can sue when planters failed to fulfill their parts of the bargain. Servants who completed their years of labor became free and most indentured servants became landowners. )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SLAVES The Slaves on the other hand was forced to work, threatened of physical punishment, and little freedom. Slaves were bought and sold like commodities; therefore they are personal property of the owner. The slaves have no civil rights at all. Slaves can not sue their owners, slaves punishments were severe from whipping, hanging or by be ing burned alive. Slaves as part of their owners’ personal property have no labor contracts; they can not make demands upon their owners for humane treatment, justice, and even land. Source: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Indentured_servant CHAPTER 1 1. ?In thirty-three days I passed over to the Indies with the fleet which the most illustrious King and Queen. . . gave me; where I found very many islands peopled with inhabitants beyond number. And, of them all, I have taken possession for their Highnesses. . . To the first which I found, I gave the name San Salvador . . .? The author of this statement was E) Christopher Columbus 2. The map, ? Voyages of Discovery,? depicts the circumnavigation of the world in 1519-1521 by D) Magellan and del Cano. 3) In ? Debating the Past: How Many Indians Perished with European Settlement your text concludes that C) millions of Indians probably died, although no numerical estimates are reliable. 4) According to your text, the organizing force in the effort to found English colonies came from D) merchant capitalists. 5) The Pilgrims left England primarily because they B) believed the Church of England was too corrupt to save. 6) Many Puritans left England around 1630 to settle in Massachusetts Bay because B)  Anglican cleric William Laud was removing ministers with Puritan sympathies and tightening his centralized control of the church. 7) ? The blood of so many hundred thousand souls of Protestants and Papists, spilled in the wars of present and former ages, for their respective consciences, is not required nor accepted by Jesus Christ, the Prince of Peace. . . An enforced uniformity of religion throughout a nation. . . denies the principles of Christianity. . . .? The author of these statements was D) Roger Williams. ) She was banished from Massachusetts for claiming that she regularly received divine insights. E) Anne Hutchinson 9) ? Our first concern was to keep up and maintain our religious worship. . . And, . . . we have nothing but love and good will in our hearts, one to another. . . And as our worthy Proprietor treated the Indians with extraordinary humanity, they became very civil and loving to us. . .? The colony described above was E) Pennsylvania 10) According to your t ext, the cultural chasm between Europeans and Indians was most evident in the area of D) warfare because Europeans fought in large groups to destroy their enemies, whereas Indians fought more often to display their courage or avenge a wrong. CHAPTER 2 11) According to your text, the answer to the question, ? What is an American is that Americans E) have an identity deeply rooted in their history, but still incomplete and evolving. 12) According to your text, white women in the colonial Chesapeake region D) found it easy to remarry if they were widowed. 13) The ? headright? was commonly used in the southern colonies and some of the middle colonies to C) award tracts of land to new arrivals in the colonies. 14) The most accurate statement about tobacco during the seventeenth century is that it B) grew on semicleared land, but required a lot of human labor. 15) The main supporters of Virginia? s royal governor, Sir William Berkeley, during Bacon? s Rebellion were the B) well-established, powerful planters. 16) Which statement about black resistance to slavery is true? D) Whites wildly exaggerated the danger of slave rebellions, depicting blacks as savage beasts. 7) Compared to the early colonists in the Chesapeake , those in colonial New England had B) a far healthier habitat. 18) The main evidence presented against the accused witches in Salem Village was the D) raving testimony of young girls. 19) Because of their ethnic and religious heterogeneity, the colonies which possessed traits that later would be seen as distinctly ? American? were B) the Middle Colonies. 20) Both Leisler? s Rebellion and the ? Paxton Boys? uprising D) ca used violent, long-term civil wars in their respective colonies.

Overview of Population Growth Rates

The rate of national population growth is expressed as a percentage for each country, commonly between about 0.1% and 3% annually. Natural Growth vs. Overall Growth Youll find two percentages associated with population - natural growth and overall growth. Natural growth represents the births and deaths in a countrys population and does not take into account migration. The overall growth rate takes migration into account. For example, Canadas natural growth rate is 0.3% while its overall growth rate is 0.9%, due to Canadas open immigration policies. In the U.S., the natural growth rate is 0.6% and overall growth is 0.9%. The growth rate of a country provides demographers and geographers with a good contemporary variable for current growth and for comparison between countries or regions. For most purposes, the overall growth rate is more frequently utilized. Doubling Time The growth rate can be used to determine a country or regions -- or even the planets -- doubling time, which tells us how long it will take for that areas current population to double. This length of time is determined by dividing the growth rate into 70. The number 70 comes from the natural log of 2, which is .70. Given Canadas overall growth of 0.9% in the year 2006, we divide 70 by .9 (from the 0.9%) and yield a value of 77.7 years. Thus, in 2083, if the current rate of growth remains constant, Canadas population will double from its current 33 million to 66 million. However, if we look at the U.S. Census Bureaus International Data Base Summary Demographic Data for Canada, we see that Canadas overall growth rate is expected to decline to 0.6% by 2025. With a growth rate of 0.6% in 2025, Canadas population would take about 117 years to double (70 / 0.6 116.666). The Worlds Growth Rate The worlds current (overall as well as natural) growth rate is about 1.14%, representing a doubling time of 61 years. We can expect the worlds population of 6.5 billion to become 13 billion by 2067 if current growth continues. The worlds growth rate peaked in the 1960s at 2% and a doubling time of 35 years. Negative Growth Rates Most European countries have low growth rates. In the United Kingdom, the rate is 0.2%, in Germany, its 0.0%, and in France, 0.4%. Germanys zero rate of growth includes a natural increase of -0.2%. Without immigration, Germany would be shrinking, like the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic and some other European countries growth rate is actually negative (on average, women in the Czech Republic give birth to 1.2 children, which is below the 2.1 needed to yield zero population growth). The Czech Republics natural growth rate of -0.1 cannot be used to determine doubling time because the population is actually shrinking in size. High Growth Rates Many Asian and African countries have high growth rates. Afghanistan has a current growth rate of 4.8%, representing a doubling time of 14.5 years. If Afghanistans growth rate remains the same (which is very unlikely and the countrys projected growth rate for 2025 is a mere 2.3%), then the population of 30 million would become 60 million in 2020, 120 million in 2035, 280 million in 2049, 560 million in 2064, and 1.12 billion in 2078! This is a ridiculous expectation. As you can see, population growth percentages is better utilized for short term projections. Increased population growth generally represents problems for a country - it means increased need for food, infrastructure, and services. These are expenses that most high-growth countries have little ability to provide today, let alone if the population rises dramatically.